{"id":862,"date":"2023-08-10T09:36:42","date_gmt":"2023-08-10T07:36:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?page_id=862"},"modified":"2025-10-14T16:43:28","modified_gmt":"2025-10-14T14:43:28","slug":"ring-infrastructure","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/index.php\/ring-infrastructure\/","title":{"rendered":"RING Infrastructure"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"862\" class=\"elementor elementor-862\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a24a1dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a24a1dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-de565a6\" data-id=\"de565a6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a52949 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2a52949\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"facilities\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 09-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">RING FACILITIES<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc9ccd1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc9ccd1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 09-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>The RING network is an open research infrastructure that provides valuable data and products to support geophysical studies as well as a wide range of scientific projects.<\/p><p>It manages continuous GNSS stations across Italy and archives GNSS data from thousands of stations along the Eurasia-Africa plate boundary, making the processed time series publicly available. We promote cutting-edge research and provide a unique platform for a multidisciplinary approach to Earth sciences.<\/p><p><div class='yrm-content yrm-content-1 yrm-content-hide ' id='yrm-3FfD5' data-id='1' data-show-status='false' data-after-action='' style=\"visibility: hidden;height: 0;\">\n\t\t\t<div id='yrm-inner-content-yrm-3FfD5' class='yrm-inner-content-wrapper yrm-cntent-1'>The main infrastructure facilities are:<\/p><ol><li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Network of continuous GNSS stations<\/span>: The RING network is composed of continuously operating GNSS stations, primarily located on the Italian peninsula, and plays an active role in the European Plate Observing System (EPOS). The network monitors slow tectonic deformations and the abrupt movement caused by earthquakes while also contributing to the observation of hydrologic and atmopheric phenomena.<\/li><li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Archiving facility of daily and high-rate data<\/span>: The archiving facility archives and provides public access to all GNSS data from the RING network, including both high-rate (1-20 Hz) and low-rate (1\/30 Hz) data. In addition to RING data, all available GNSS data from the Mediterranean area are archived and screened for metadata validation RING data and products can be accessed through web-based graphical user interfaces (such as the EPOS-GLASS node), command line clients, and web services.<\/li><li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Processing of Real time data<\/span>: Real-time streaming of 1 Hz station positions is available for near real-time earthquake monitoring and the extraction of relevant parameters, such as peak ground displacement (PGD), magnitude, and other source parameters.<\/li><li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">High Performance Computing facility for long-term time series<\/span>:\u00a0A dedicated HPC facility allows the parallel processing of GNSS data with different software and analysis strategies. This computing environment enables efficient re-analysis of long lasting time series through both double-difference (DD) and Precise Point Positioning (PPP) aproaches.<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class='yrm-btn-wrapper yrm-btn-wrapper-1 yrm-more-button-wrapper read_more_button '\n\t\tdata-custom-more-class-name='read_more_button' data-custom-less-class-name='read_more_button'><span title='' data-less-title='' data-more-title='' class='yrm-toggle-expand  yrm-toggle-expand-1 ' data-rel='yrm-3FfD5' data-more='Read more' data-less='Read less'><span class='yrm-text-wrapper yrm-text-wrapper-custom-dimensions'><span class=\"yrm-button-text-1 yrm-button-text-span\">Read more<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c5b01b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c5b01b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" id=\"sites\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6279abc\" data-id=\"6279abc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8c9731 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a8c9731\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">SITES AND MONUMENTS<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddec3fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ddec3fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Most stations are mounted on shallow or deep-drilled, braced monuments in open fields and also host seismic instruments, either seismometers or accelerometers. The monument structure consists of stainless steel legs arranged in a tripod configuration, securely anchored to the ground using epoxy resins (see <a href=\"https:\/\/kb.unavco.org\/category\/gnss-and-related-equipment\/monumentation\/shallow-braced-drilled-and-non-drilled\/108\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UNAVCO Tripod Monuments<\/a>). A few stations are constructed on concrete pillar monuments, anchored into the ground with four lateral rods extending 1 meter deep for enhanced stability. All GNSS receivers and antennas are high-grade geodetic instruments, ensuring best performance in terms of stability and accuracy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-d23ba32 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d23ba32\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d1b5193\" data-id=\"d1b5193\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1f985c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e1f985c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 09-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1272\" height=\"845\" src=\"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/COCU_tripod.jpg\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536 wp-image-1449\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a96b095\" data-id=\"a96b095\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-955c383 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"955c383\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/DSCN0368-e1415086149921.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1604\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a7fb79b\" data-id=\"a7fb79b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51886a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"51886a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/IMG_20240329_150011317_HDR.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1619\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3bce3f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3bce3f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-536ce41\" data-id=\"536ce41\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f027e50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f027e50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"data-formats\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">DATA FORMATS<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84125e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"84125e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Daily Positions Format description (POS-files)<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">File naming convention.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&lt;STATION&gt;.&lt;AC_ID&gt;.&lt;REF_ID&gt;.pos<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">where:<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&lt;STATION&gt;: 9-char station ID (RINEX-3 convention)<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&lt;AC_ID&gt;: Analysis Center identifier (bern, gamit, gipsy)<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&lt;REF_ID&gt;: Reference System identifier (itrfXX for absolute positions, euraXX relative to Eurasia)<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Header format.<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nine lines containing the relevant metadata of the time series:<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ol><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Title<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Format version of the pos-file<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Station ID (9-char or 4-char)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Station extended name<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Epoch of the first position, format YYYYMMDD hhmmss<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Epoch of the last position, format YYYYMMDD hhmmss<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Creation date of the pos-file, format YYYYMMDD hhmmss<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reference point cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z) of the time series, equal to the first given position.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reference point geographic coordinates (Latitude, Longitude, Elevation)<\/span><\/li><\/ol><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Detailed Field Description of the file content. Starting with \u201cStart Field Description\u201d and ending with \u201cEnd Field Description\u201d.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Data description header line, starting with the \u201c*\u201d character.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2e6b1a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2e6b1a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-26e79db\" data-id=\"26e79db\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667cbc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"667cbc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"analysis\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ANALYSIS STRATEGIES<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f3f1a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3f3f1a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">GAPOS - Gamit Analysis setup<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cd2f6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5cd2f6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Analysis description<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bb73fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6bb73fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">GIPOS - Gipsy Analysis setup<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e70a56d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e70a56d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\">GPS data from GNSS stations were reduced using the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) GIPSY-OASIS II software (version 6.3) in a precise point positioning mode (Bertiger et al., 2010) applied to ionospheric-free carrier phase and pseudorange data and using JPL&#8217;s final fiducial-free GPS orbit products (<a href=\"https:\/\/sideshow.jpl.nasa.gov\/pub\/JPL_GNSS_Products\/Final\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JPL GNSS Products<\/a>). A detailed description of the data analysis strategy and models is reported in this <a href=\"http:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Table_gipsy.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">table<\/a>.<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\"><div class='yrm-content yrm-content-1 yrm-content-hide ' id='yrm-8pzLt' data-id='1' data-show-status='false' data-after-action='' style=\"visibility: hidden;height: 0;\">\n\t\t\t<div id='yrm-inner-content-yrm-8pzLt' class='yrm-inner-content-wrapper yrm-cntent-1'>The observable model includes:<br \/>(1) ocean tidal loading and companion tides (Scherneck, 1991) computed by the <a href=\"http:\/\/holt.oso.chalmers.se\/loading\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ocean Tide Loading Provider<\/a> (Scherneck1991) using the FES2004 ocean tidal model (Lyard et al., 2006) and applied it as a station motion model;<br \/>(2) estimation of wet zenith troposphere and two gradient parameters every 5 minutes as a random walk process (Bar-Sever et al., 1998) using troposphere mapping functions (Vienna Mapping Functions 1, VMF1, (Boehm et al., 2006) developed based on data from numerical weather models (e.g. from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ecmwf.int\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ECMWF<\/a>);<br \/>(3) antenna calibrations for ground receivers and satellite transmitters (Schmid et al., 2007);<br \/>(4) second order ionospheric correction (Kedar et al., 2003);<br \/>(5) estimation of station clocks as a white-noise process.<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\">Ambiguity resolution was applied using the wide lane and phase bias (WLPB) method, which phase-connects individual stations to IGS stations in common view (Bertiger et al., 2010). Resolving ambiguities reduces significantly the scatter mostly in the east component of time series. Satellite orbits and clock parameters were provided by JPL who determine them in a global fiducial free analysis using a subset of the available IGS core stations as tracking sites. The fiducial-free daily GPS solutions are aligned to IGS14 (Rebischung et al., 2016) by applying a daily seven-parameter Helmert transformation (three rotations, three translations, and a scale component) using parameters obtained from JPL (x-files). In order to reduce the common mode signal we also align daily solutions in the IGS14 reference frame defined by Cartesian coordinates and velocities for 132 stations selected by specific quality criteria. This frame is aligned in origin and scale with IGS14 and it is implemented to have no-net rotation with respect to the stable interior of the Eurasian plate, realized by subtracting a rigid rotation estimated from a 32-station core subset. This reference frame realization method transforms the station time series into a plate-fixed frame and effectively applies a continental-scale spatial filter to the station coordinates, leading to a reduction of the common-mode errors (Wdowinski et al., 1997), and to an increase of the signal-to-noise ratio.<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class='yrm-btn-wrapper yrm-btn-wrapper-1 yrm-more-button-wrapper read_more_button '\n\t\tdata-custom-more-class-name='read_more_button' data-custom-less-class-name='read_more_button'><span title='' data-less-title='' data-more-title='' class='yrm-toggle-expand  yrm-toggle-expand-1 ' data-rel='yrm-8pzLt' data-more='Read more' data-less='Read less'><span class='yrm-text-wrapper yrm-text-wrapper-custom-dimensions'><span class=\"yrm-button-text-1 yrm-button-text-span\">Read more<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b487723 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b487723\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">BEPOS - Bernese Analysis setup<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3a2861 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a3a2861\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p dir=\"ltr\">The Bernese Analysis Centre uses the Bernese software Version 5.2 (Dach et al., 2015), estimating daily coordinates of a network of stations together with the station-specific troposphere parameters.<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Data<\/strong>: the RING network is analyzed together with other networks in the Mediterranean region, considering GPS, Galileo and Glonass observations. For computational efficiency the full network is divided into 19 sub-networks, each with about 60 or fewer stations. To allow the combination of the sub-networks into a full network daily solution, each sub-network contains a minimum of 16 tie stations.\u00a0<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\"><div class='yrm-content yrm-content-1 yrm-content-hide ' id='yrm-FQxRB' data-id='1' data-show-status='false' data-after-action='' style=\"visibility: hidden;height: 0;\">\n\t\t\t<div id='yrm-inner-content-yrm-FQxRB' class='yrm-inner-content-wrapper yrm-cntent-1'><strong>Parameters<\/strong>: an advanced ambiguity resolution scheme is adopted, including different strategies (see <a href=\"http:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Tabella_Bernese.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">table<\/a>). The Vienna Mapping Function (Boehm et al, 2006) is used to map the tropospheric delay in the zenith direction, estimating hourly station specific troposphere parameters; in addition, one horizontal gradient parameter per day at each site is estimated. Daily ionosphere corrections based on a global model produced by CODE are introduced, higher order ionospheric corrections are applied. Ocean loading is computed using the FES2004 tidal model coefficients (Lyard et al., 2006) provided by the <a href=\"http:\/\/holt.oso.chalmers.se\/loading\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ocean Tide Loading web service<\/a>. In addition, atmospheric tidal loading coefficients, extracted from a global grid based on the Ray and Ponte (2003) model, are used to correct the observations. The GNSS orbits and the Earth\u2019s Orientation Parameters are fixed to the combined IGS products (Dow et al., 2009). The IGS14 absolute antenna phase center correction is applied to each station antenna. A detailed description of the data analysis strategy is reported in the subsequent <a href=\"http:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/Tabella_Bernese.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">table<\/a>.<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Time series<\/strong>: daily coordinates of each sub-network are estimated by assigning an a-priori loose constraint of 10 m to all site coordinates. In this way, sub-network coordinates are expressed in a loosely constrained reference frame (i.e. site coordinates are systematically translated or rotated from day to day). To form the full network daily solutions, the sub-network solutions are combined into a global network solution using a classical least-squares approach where the coordinates are both observations and estimated parameters (Bianco et al., 2003). After the combination, in order to express the GNSS time series in a unique reference frame, the daily solutions are first projected imposing tight internal constraints (at millimeter level), and then the coordinates are transformed into the ITRF2014 frame by a 3-parameter Helmert transformation (translations only).<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><div class='yrm-btn-wrapper yrm-btn-wrapper-1 yrm-more-button-wrapper read_more_button '\n\t\tdata-custom-more-class-name='read_more_button' data-custom-less-class-name='read_more_button'><span title='' data-less-title='' data-more-title='' class='yrm-toggle-expand  yrm-toggle-expand-1 ' data-rel='yrm-FQxRB' data-more='Read more' data-less='Read less'><span class='yrm-text-wrapper yrm-text-wrapper-custom-dimensions'><span class=\"yrm-button-text-1 yrm-button-text-span\">Read more<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ea46114 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ea46114\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-37060d0\" data-id=\"37060d0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e790ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e790ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"maps\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">THEMATIC MAPS<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c672182 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c672182\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 dir=\"ltr\"><b>VELOCITY MAP OF GNSS STATIONS<\/b><\/h4><p dir=\"ltr\">Map shows the <strong>horizontal velocity vectors<\/strong> of the <strong>Italian GNSS stations<\/strong> and the surrounding areas in a reference system in which the <strong>velocity<\/strong> of the stations located on the stable part of the <strong>Eurasian plate<\/strong> has been minimized.<\/p><p dir=\"ltr\"><strong>Diagram<\/strong> (top right) shows the trend of the vertical displacement of the <strong>Amatrice GNSS station<\/strong>. The (negative) displacements suffered by the station in relation to the repeated seismic events of the <strong>Amatrice-Norcia-Campotosto seismic sequence of 2016-2017<\/strong> are evident.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce3e918 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ce3e918\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/GNSS_vectors_2025_mini-1.jpg\" title=\"GNSS_vectors_2025_mini\" alt=\"GNSS_vectors_2025_mini\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2e158c elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c2e158c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xs\" href=\"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/GNSS_vectors_2025-scaled.jpg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download map<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fcaeecc\" data-id=\"fcaeecc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42e2e40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42e2e40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 dir=\"ltr\">\u00a0<\/h4><h4 dir=\"ltr\">MAP<b> OF GNSS STATIONS<\/b><\/h4><p dir=\"ltr\">The map represents the <strong data-start=\"23\" data-end=\"59\">National Integrated GNSS Network<\/strong>, a system of permanent stations managed by the <strong data-start=\"107\" data-end=\"166\">National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV)<\/strong>. This network uses GPS satellite signals to precisely monitor the movements of the Earth&#8217;s crust, supporting geodetic, seismological, and volcanological studies. Each station is represented on the map by a <strong data-start=\"373\" data-end=\"390\">blue triangle<\/strong>, indicating its strategic location across the Italian territory. The data collected enable real-time analysis of geodynamic phenomena, contributing to <strong>scientific research<\/strong> and civil protection efforts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77a2e9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"77a2e9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/Layout-Mappa-GNSS-scaled-r3psw0hr55rmtf2nl9kv9oqll2qrdmudjpwi02jtzy.jpg\" title=\"Layout Mappa GNSS\" alt=\"Layout Mappa GNSS\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ff52f4 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6ff52f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xs\" href=\"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Layout-Mappa-GNSS_all-scaled.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">DOWNLOAD MAP<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0363b02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0363b02\" data-element_type=\"section\" id=\"mga-infrastructure\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f220734\" data-id=\"f220734\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9562af8 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9562af8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2048\" height=\"947\" src=\"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/mga-2048x947.png\" class=\"attachment-2048x2048 size-2048x2048 wp-image-2638\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/mga-2048x947.png 2048w, https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/mga-300x139.png 300w, https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/mga-1024x473.png 1024w, https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/mga-768x355.png 768w, https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/mga-1536x710.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-016e98c\" data-id=\"016e98c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75948f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75948f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">MEDITERRANEAN GNSS ARCHIVE<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcabf50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bcabf50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Mediterranean GNSS Archive (MGA) systematically collects, stores, and preserves GNSS observations acquired from permanent stations operating across the Eurasian\u2013African tectonic zone. The archive contains raw observations in RINEX format (versions 2 and 3), accompanied by comprehensive metadata. Metadata are reconstructed on a daily basis using existing station logfiles or, when unavailable, derived from the information reported in the RINEX headers. All datasets are routinely curated and processed to guarantee data integrity, consistency, and long-term accessibility. Serving as a reliable and standardized data repository, the MGA provides essential resources for geodetic, geophysical, and geodynamic research, and supplies these data and metadata to INGV\u2019s analysis and processing centers.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>RING FACILITIES The RING network is an open research infrastructure that provides valuable data and products to support geophysical studies as well as a wide range of scientific projects. It manages continuous GNSS stations across Italy and archives GNSS data from thousands of stations along the Eurasia-Africa plate boundary, making the processed time series publicly [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"unboxed","site-sidebar-style":"unboxed","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-862","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/862","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=862"}],"version-history":[{"count":358,"href":"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/862\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2653,"href":"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/862\/revisions\/2653"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/webring.gm.ingv.it\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=862"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}